DRIS理论缺陷与方法重建

 经分析DRIS存在两类理论缺陷:两正态分布的营养元素的比值分布为正偏的非常态;DRIS在营养元素等比不等量变化时存在诊断盲区。依据多维正态分布的二次型理论,以及等概率平衡观点,建立优于DRIS,以及与临界值诊断形式统一的“平衡态诊断施肥综合法”BDRIS。当营养元素相关矩阵R=I(单位矩阵),即不考虑元素颉颃作用时,BDRIS简化为临界值诊断。同时,还提供了SAS语言编写的诊断程序。     

Effects of Excess Methionine from Meeting Needs for Total Sulfur Amino Acids on Utilization of Diets Low in Crude Protein by Broiler Chicks

Failure to obtain optimum performance by broilers fed low CP diets supplemented with amino acids may be due to a number of factors, including potential toxic effects of amino acids in excess of requirements. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of excess levels of Met on performance of broilers fed low CP diets. Corn and soybean meal of known composition were used to formulate diets with 22, 20, 18, and 16% CP with 100 and 110% of NRC recommendations. DL-Methionine was used to meet Met and TSAA requirements; the dietary levels of Met exceeded minimum needs. Within each CP level, 2 additional series were prepared. For one series, only the amount of DL-methionine needed to reach the Met requirement was added, leaving a calculated deficit of TSAA. For a second series, excess Met was replaced with sufficient Cys to meet Met and TSAA exactly. Each of the test diets and a 23% CP positive control were fed to 6 replicate pens of 5 male broiler chicks from 1 to 21 d of age. Performance of the birds fed 22% CP diets did not differ significantly from that of chicks fed the positive control. Chicks fed diets with less than 22% CP had significantly lower BW and increased FCR regardless of level of amino acid supplementation. There was no significant effect of Met status on performance, indicating that corn-soybean meal diets do not appear to be deficit in Cys and do not respond to levels of Met greater than minimum NRC recommendations for Met. Excess levels of Met in this study did not appear to contribute to the reduced performance at low CP levels.     

农业生产中的铁锰平衡问题

本文根据对菠萝和水稻的研究,论述了土壤和植物体内铁与锰的关系,认为在植物体内铁与锰的比例应保持一个平衡的关系。如果锰多铁少、比例失调,作物的正常生长将受到危害。     

基于混合高斯模型渗灌复合材料导水特性分析

为了定量研究由蒙脱土和聚丙烯酰胺制备而成的渗灌复合材料导水特性与其组分之间及土壤湿度的关系,该文利用混合高斯模型模拟求解渗灌复合材料的平衡导水率、材料组分比例及土壤湿度之间的关系。设置9组组分比例不同(蒙脱土与聚丙烯酰胺质量比5~25)的渗灌复合材料在8个土壤湿度(土壤质量含水率3%~17%)下进行建模,另外2组((蒙脱土与聚丙烯酰胺质量比8和18)不同的组分制备而成复合材料在2组不同土壤湿度(土壤质量含水率4%和14%)下进行验证。结果表明:建立的渗灌复合材料平衡导水率与材料组分的关系函数,相应模拟值与实测值之间的均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)≤25.87 g/h,误差平方和(sum of squares of error,SSE)≤160,决定系数(coefficient of multiple determination,R2)≥0.8933,利用混合高斯模型模拟平衡导水率、材料组分关系函数的相关参数与土壤湿度之间的关系,相应模拟值与实测值之间的RMSE≤195 g/h,SSE≤98350,决定系数R2≥0.6868,说明利用混合高斯模型拟合渗灌复合材料的平衡导水率、材料组分比例及土壤湿度之间的关系函数具有很好的稳定性、可行性及精确性;经验证,平衡导水率、材料组分比例及土壤湿度关系函数的模拟值与实测值之间的最大相对误差为14.14%,表明用该函数模拟渗灌复合材料H-C-M之间关系的可靠性。该研究对于后续的渗灌材料的研制及应用具有指导意义。     

高寒矮嵩草草甸地面热源强度及与生物量关系的初步研究

在青藏高原海北高寒矮嵩草草甸地区,依据2002年涡度相关法观测的能量平衡各分量资料和6-10月植物地上、地下生物量测定值,分析了高寒矮嵩草草甸近地表热量平衡、地面热源强度的变化特征,讨论了地面热源强度与植物生物量季节变化过程中的相互关系。结果表明:在青藏高原海北高寒矮嵩草草甸地区,年内地面均为热源,热源强度季节变化明显,地面热源强度年平均为88.5 W/m2;地上生物量季节变化与热源强度具有显著的正相关关系,而地下生物量季节变化与热源强度关系不明显。     

中国农田生态系统氮素平衡模型的建立及其应用

借助物质流分析中"输入=输出+盈余"的物质守恒原理,以氮素养分为介质建立中国农田生态系统氮素平衡模型,然后用2004年中国农业统计资料和文献查询获取的参数,估算中国不同地区的氮养分输入输出以及养分盈余并分析养分产生的环境效应。模型计算结果表明,2004年农田生态系统通过挥发、反硝化、植株蒸腾、淋溶径流和侵蚀等途径损失的氮为1132.8万t,盈余在农田生态系统土壤中的氮为1301.2万t;通过损失途径进入环境中的氮养分和盈余在农田生态系统中的单位面积耕地氮养分负荷高风险地区均集中在中国的东南沿海和部分中部地区。优化化学氮肥用量,有机氮肥与化学氮肥配合施用是降低农田生态系统氮养分污染潜势的最基本措施,针对中国不同地区因地制宜地制定合理种植结构和推广农田精准化施肥也是十分必要的。     

Soil Chemical and Biological Activities under Vegetable Intensive Colocasia-based Cropping System in Indian Sub-Himalayas

ABSTRACT

Lack of crop diversification with suitable vegetable-based cropping system is a major constraint in limiting the productivity and sustainability of north-western Indian sub-Himalayas. To find out a sustainable vegetable-based cropping system in this region, a three year colocasia-based vegetable intensive experiment was conducted at Hawalbagh, Almora, India in a sandy clay loam soil under sub-temperate climatic conditions. Seven colocasia-based vegetable cropping systems along with rice–wheat system were compared under recommended package and practices. The system productivity in terms of colocasia equivalent yield was highest under colocasia–onion–frenchbean (52.38 Mg ha^?1) system. Sustainable yield index was highest with colocasia–gardenpea–frenchbean system (0.86). After 3 years, total soil organic carbon (0–5%), available N (2–22%), P (–7% to 14%) and K (3–15%) concentrations were increased in all cropping systems except rice–wheat system, where negative balance of available P (7%) was observed over that of initial soil. Significantly higher soil microbial activity, soil carbohydrate, dehydrogenase, protease, acid and alkaline phosphatases activity were observed under colocasia–onion system. The results suggest that colocasia–onion–frenchbean system with higher productivity improves soil fertility and enhances enzymatic activities.     

Comparison of modeling approaches to quantify residue architecture effects on soil temperature and water

RZ-SHAW is a hybrid model, comprised of modules from the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model integrated into the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) that allows more detailed simulation of different residue types and architectures that affect heat and water transfer at the soil surface. RZ-SHAW allows different methods of surface energy flux evaluation to be used: (1) the SHAW module, where evapotranspiration (ET) and soil heat flux are computed in concert with a detailed surface energy balance; (2) the Shuttleworth–Wallace (S–W) module for ET in which soil surface temperature is assumed equal air temperature; and (3) the PENFLUX module, which uses a Penman transformation for a soil slab under incomplete residue cover. The objective of this study was to compare the predictive accuracy of the three RZ-SHAW modules to simulate effects of residue architecture on net radiation, soil temperature, and water dynamics near the soil surface. The model was tested in Akron, Colorado in a wheat residue-covered (both standing and flat) no-till (NT) plot, and a reduced till (RT) plot where wheat residue was incorporated into the soil. Temperature difference between the soil surface and ambient air frequently exceeded 17 °C under RT and NT conditions, invalidating the isothermal assumption employed in the S–W module. The S–W module overestimated net radiation (R_n) by an average of 69 Wm⁻² and underestimated the 3-cm soil temperature (T_s3) by 2.7 °C for the RT plot, attributed to consequences of the isothermal assumption. Both SHAW and PENFLUX modules overestimated midday T_s3 for RT conditions but underestimated T_s3 for NT conditions. Better performances of the SHAW and PENFLUX surface energy evaluations are to be expected as both approaches are more detailed and consider a more discretized domain than the S–W module. PENFLUX simulated net radiation slightly better than the SHAW module for both plots, while T_s3 was simulated the best by SHAW, with a mean bias error of +0.1 °C for NT and +2.7 °C for RT. Simulation results for soil water content in the surface 30 cm (θ_v30) were mixed. The NT conditions were simulated best by SHAW, with mean bias error for θ_v30 within 0.006 m³ m⁻³; RT conditions were simulated best by the PENFLUX module, which was within 0.010 m³ m⁻³.     

日粮阴阳离子和纤维素酶对绵羊血液中生化指标的影响

选体重为38kg左右的永久瘤胃瘘管羊5只,采用5×5拉丁方设计,研究不同水平阴阳离子和纤维素酶对绵羊血液中生化指标的影响。对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组1为纤维素酶组(日粮的0.2%),处理组2为DCAB(20mEq/100g DM),处理组3为纤维素酶(日粮的0.2%)+DCAB(20mEq/100g DM),处理组4为纤维素酶(日粮的0.2%)+DCAB(40mEq/100g DM)。试验结果表明:不同水平的阴阳离子和纤维素酶对T3、T4的浓度的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);对胰岛素浓度的影响差异显著,处理组高于对照组(P<0.05);血糖浓度对照组与处理组2差异显著(P<0.05),血液中其他生化指标均在正常生理范围内且组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。本试验结果表明日粮中添加0.2%纤维素酶和DCAB值为0~40mEq/100g DM的阴阳离子没有损害绵羊各组织器官。